Sultan

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mid 16th century: from French, or from medieval Latin sultanus, from Arabic sulṭān ‘power, ruler’.

wiktionary

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From French sultan, from Ottoman Turkish سلطان‎ (sultan), from Arabic سُلْطَان‎ (sulṭān), from Aramaic שולטנא‎ (šulṭānā, “strength, authority, ruler, prince”) (compare Hebrew שִׁלְטוֹן‎ (shiltón) and Hebrew סוּלְטָן‎ (sultán)). [1] Doublet of soldan.

etymonline

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sultan (n.)

1550s, from French sultan "ruler of Turkey" (16c.), ultimately from Arabic (Semitic) sultan "ruler, prince, monarch, king, queen," originally "power, dominion." According to Klein's sources, this is from Aramaic shultana "power," from shelet "have power." Earlier English word was soldan, soudan (c. 1300), used indiscriminately of Muslim rulers and sovereigns, from Old French souldan, soudan, from Medieval Latin sultanus. Related: Sultanic.