Low
Middle English: from Old Norse lágr, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch laag, also to lie1.
wiktionary
From Middle English lowe, lohe, lāh, from Old Norse lágr(“low”), from Proto-Germanic *lēgaz(“lying, flat, situated near the ground, low”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ-(“to lie”). Cognate with Scots laich(“low”), Low German leeg(“low, feeble, bad”), Danish lav(“low”), Icelandic lágur(“low”), West Frisian leech(“low”), North Frisian leeg, liig(“low”), Dutch laag(“low”), obsolete German läg(“low”). More at lie.
From Middle English lough, from Old English hlōg, preterite of hliehhan(“to laugh”). More at laugh.
From Middle English lowen(“to low”), from Old English hlōwan(“to low, bellow, roar”), from Proto-Germanic *hlōaną(“to call, shout”), from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁-(“to call”). Cognate with Dutch loeien(“to low”), Middle High German lüejen(“to roar”), dialectal Swedish lumma(“to roar”), Latin calō(“I call”), Ancient Greek καλέω(kaléō), Latin clāmō(“I shout, claim”). More at claim.
From Middle English lowe, loghe, from Old Norse logi(“fire, flame, sword”), from Proto-Germanic *lugô(“flame, blaze”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewk-(“light”). Cognate with Icelandic logi(“flame”), Swedish låga(“flame”), Danish lue(“flame”), German Lohe(“blaze, flames”), North Frisian leag(“fire, flame”), Old English līeġ(“fire, flame, lightning”). More at leye, light.
From Old English hlāw, hlǣw(“burial mound”), from Proto-Germanic *hlaiwaz. Obsolete by the 19th century, survives in toponymy as -low.
etymonline
low (adj.)
"not high, below the usual level," late 13c., earlier lah (late 12c.), "not rising much, being near the base or ground" (of objects or persons), also "lying on the ground or in a deep place" (late 13c.). This is not found in Old English, so the word is probably from Old Norse lagr "low, low-down, short; humble," or a similar Scandinavian source (compare Swedish låg, Danish lav), from Proto-Germanic *lega- "lying flat, low" (source also of Old Frisian lech, Middle Dutch lage, Dutch laag "low," dialectal German läge "flat"), from PIE root *legh- "to lie down, lay."
In reference to sounds, "not loud," also "having a deep pitch," from c. 1300. Meaning "humble in rank" is from c. 1200; "undignified, not high in character" is from 1550s; meaning "coarse, vulgar" is from 1759. Sense of "dejected, dispirited" is attested from 1737. Of prices, from c. 1400. In geographical usage, low refers to the part of a country near the sea-shore (c. 1300), as in Low Countries "Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg" (1540s). Low German languages (1845) are so called for being spoken in the lower elevations of old Germany.
Abject, low, and mean may have essentially the same meaning, but low is more often used with respect to nature, condition, or rank: mean, to character or conduct: abject, to spirit. [Century Dictionary, 1897]
Low blow in the figurative sense (1940s) is from pugilism. To lie low is from mid-13c. as "get down so as not to be seen," 1880 in the modern slang sense "keep quiet." Low Church in 18c. English history referred to Anglicans laying little stress on church authority (1702); in 19c. it meant evangelical Anglicans.
low (v.)
Old English hlowan "moo, make a noise like a cow," from Proto-Germanic imitative *khlo- (source also of Middle Dutch loeyen, Dutch loeien, Old Low Franconian luon, Old High German hluojen). This is perhaps identical with the imitative PIE root *kele- (2) "to shout."
low (n.1)
"the ordinary sound uttered by an ox or cow" [OED], 1540s, from low (v.); ultimately imitative.
low (adv.)
"near the ground, not high," c. 1200, from low (adj.). Of voices or sounds, from c. 1300.
low (n.2)
"hill, small eminence," obsolete except in place names, from Old English hlaw "hill, mound," especially "barrow," a noun related to hleonian "to lean," from PIE root *klei- "to lean." Compare Latin clivus "hill," Greek klitys "side of a hill," from the same PIE root.
low (n.3)
the low point of anything, the minimum, 1818, originally in card games; general sense by 1911.
